Green Concrete LCA Web Tool

Referencess

PRODUCTION data

• Alsop, P. A., Chen, H., and Tseng, H. (2007). The Cement Plant Operations Handbook. Surrey, UK: Tradeship Publications.
• Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (2008). Energy Efficiency and Resource Saving Technologies in Cement Industry. Access on November 17, 2011. ASTM (2011).
• ASTM Standard C595 / C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. ASTM (2012).
• ASTM Standard C150/C150M-12 Standard Specification for Portland Cement. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
• Bhatty, J. I., Miller, F. M., and Kosmatka, S. H. (2004). Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing. Portland Cement Association [PCA].
• Boesch, M. E., and Hellweg, S. (2010). Identifying Improvement Potentials in Cement Production with Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(23), 9143-9149. doi: 10.1021/es100771k
• Boesch, M. E., Koehler, A., and Hellweg, S. (2009). Model for Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment of Clinker Production. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 7578-7583.
• CEMBUREAU (1999a). Best Available Techniques for the Cement Industry. Brussels, Belgium: The European Cement Association [CEMBUREAU].
• CEMBUREAU. 1999b. Environmental benefits of using alternative fuels in cement production: A life-cycle approach. Brussels, Belgium: The European Cement Association [CEMBUREAU].
• Chen, C., Habert, G., Bouzidi, Y., Jullien, A., and Ventura, A. (2010). LCA allocation procedure used as an incitative method for waste recycling: An application to mineral additions in concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 1231-1240.
• Dunlap, R. (2003). Life cycle inventory of slag cement manufacturing process: s; 2003, 13 pp. Skokie, Illinois: Construction Technology Laboratories.
• European Federation of Concrete Admixtures Associations (2006). EFCA Environmental Product Declarations, (EPD) Retrieved December 10, 2009, from
• Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (2009). Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in theCement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries. Seville, Spain: EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JRC JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Competitiveness and Sustainability Unit. European Integrated Pollution Prevention Control [IPPC] Bureau.
• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2008). Guidebook for Using the Tool BEST Cement: Benchmarking and Energy Savings Tool for the Cement Industry. Berkeley, CA and Beijing, China: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [LBNL] - Environmental and Energy Technologies Division. Energy Research Institute [ERI].
• Marceau, M. L., Nisbet, M. A., and VanGeem, M. G. (2006). Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Manufacture. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association [PCA].
• Marceau, M. L., Nisbet, M. A., and VanGeem, M. G. (2007). Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Concrete. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association [PCA].
• Mehta, P. K. and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2006). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2011). U.S. Life-Cycle Inventory Database: Portland cement, at plant (data module category: Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing).
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2012). U.S. Life-Cycle Inventory Database: Mining (except Oil and Gas) - Limestone Mining and Quarrying.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1994). Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. Section 11.6. Portland Cement Manufacturing_Final Report. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1995). Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. Chapter 11: Mineral Products Industry. 11.19.1. Sand & Gravel Processing. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2003). Background Document for Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fly Ash Used as a Cement Replacement in Concrete. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2006). AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 11.12. Concrete Batching. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2012). WebFIRE - Technology Transfer Network Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emissions Factors.
• Van Oss (2005). Background Facts and Issues Concerning Cement and Cement Data. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey [USGS].
• WBCSD, Cement Sustainability Initiative (2005). CO2 Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry. Geneva, Switzerland: World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Cement Sustainability Initiative [CSI].
• Worrell, E. and Galitsky, C. (2008). Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making - An ENERGY STAR® Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Berkeley,CA: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [LBNL].
• Worrell, E., Price, L., Martin, N., Hendriks, C., and Meida, L. O. (2001). Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 26, 303-329.
• U.S. Department of the Interior -U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] (2009). 2007 Minerals Yearbook Cement.

PRE-COMBUSTION FUEL data

• Alsop, P. A., Chen, H., and Tseng, H. (2007). (2007). The Cement Plant Operations Handbook. Surrey, UK: Tradeship Publications.
• Bhatty, J. I., Miller, F. M., and Kosmatka, S. H. (2004). Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing. Portland Cement Association [PCA].
• Boesch, M. E., and Hellweg, S. (2010). Identifying Improvement Potentials in Cement Production with Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(23), 9143-9149. doi: 10.1021/es100771k
• Deru, M., and Torcellini, P. (2007). Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings. Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (2009). Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries. Seville, Spain: EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JRC JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Competitiveness and Sustainability Unit. European
• Integrated Pollution Prevention Control [IPPC] Bureau.
• McMahon, J. E., and S. K. Price (2011). Water and Energy Interactions The Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 163-191.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2011). U.S. Life-Cycle Inventory Database: Fuel grade uranium, at regional storage.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2009). Annual Coal Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Energy Information Administration - Office of Oil, Gas, and Coal Supply Statistics. U.S. Department of Energy.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011a). Annual Energy Outlook 2011 with Projections to 2035. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011b). Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2010 (Vol. 2011). Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration - Assistant Administrator for Energy Statistics Office of Electricity, Renewables, and Uranium Statistics. U.S. Department of Energy
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011c). Annual Energy Review 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1993). AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Vol. I: Stationary Sources, Section 1.2 Anthracite Coal Combustion. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1998a). Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42.Report on Revisions to 5th Edition. Section 1.3 Fuel Oil Combustion. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.

COMBUSTION FUEL data

• Alsop, P. A., Chen, H., and Tseng, H. (2007). (2007). The Cement Plant Operations Handbook. Surrey, UK: Tradeship Publications.
• Bhatty, J. I., Miller, F. M., and Kosmatka, S. H. (2004). Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing. Portland Cement Association [PCA].
• Boesch, M. E., and Hellweg, S. (2010). Identifying Improvement Potentials in Cement Production with Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(23), 9143-9149. doi: 10.1021/es100771k
• California Air Resources Board [CARB] (2008). Instructional Guidance for Mandatory GHG Emissions Reporting - Chapter 13 Common Calculation Methods (Guidence for Regulation Section 95125). Sacramento, California: California Air Resources Board
• EMEP/CORINAIR (2006). EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook: European Environment Agency - Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and The Core Inventory of Air Emissions in Europe (CORINAIR).
• Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (2009). Draft Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide Manufacturing Industries. Seville, Spain: EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JRC JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Competitiveness and Sustainability Unit. European Integrated Pollution Prevention Control [IPPC] Bureau.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2006). IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme Technical Support Unit
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2011). Transportation Data Book (30th. ed.). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Vehicle Technologies Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE).
• OECD/IEA (2004). Energy Statistics Manual. Paris, France: International Energy Agency (IEA) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• U.S. Department of Energy [USDOE] (2000). Fuel-Cycle Emissions for Conventional and Alternative Fuel Vehicles: An Assessment of Air Toxics -Table 3.4. Argonne, Illinois: Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory - United States Department of Energy.
• U.S. Department of Energy [USDOE] (2001). Development and Use of GREET 1.6 Fuel-Cycle Model for Transportation Fuels and Vehicle Technologies Argonne, Illinois: Center for Transportation Research Argonne National Laboratory - United States Department of Energy.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011b). Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Coal Rank, 2010 (Vol. 2011). Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration - Assistant Administrator for Energy Statistics Office of Electricity, Renewables, and Uranium Statistics. U.S. Department of Energy
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1993b). Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.1 Bituminous and Subbituminous Coal Combustion. Research Triangle Park, NC U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Office of Air and Radiation. Emission Inventory Branch.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1996). Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines-Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Vol. I: Stationary Sources, Section 3.3: Gasoline and Diesel Industrial Engines: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (1998b). Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.4 Natural Gas Combustion. Research Triangle Park, NC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Emission Inventory Branch.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION data

• Ardente, F., Beccali, M., Cellura, M., and Lo Brano, V. (2008). Energy performances and life cycle assessment of an Italian wind farm. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 200-217. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.013
• Corti, A. and L. Lombardi (2004). Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle with reduced CO2 emissions: Performance analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). Energy 29(12-15): 2109-2124.
• Cuddihy, J., Kennedy, C., et al. (2005). Energy use in Canada: Environmental impacts and opportunities in relationship to infrastructure systems. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32(1): 1-15.
• Deru, M., and Torcellini, P. (2007). Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings. Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
• Dinca, C., Badea, A., and Rousseaux, P. (2007). A life cycle impact of the natural gas used in the energy sector in Romania. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1451-1462. doi: doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.011
• Evans, A., Strezov, V., and Evans, T. J. (2009). Assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(5), 1082-1088. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.03.008
• Fthenakis, V. and Kim, H. C. (2010). Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(7), 2039-2048. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.008
• Gagnon, L., and van de Vate, J. F. (1997). Greenhouse gas emissions from hydropower: The state of research in 1996. Energy Policy, 25(1), 7-13. doi: 10.1016/s0301-4215(96)00125-5
• Gagnon, L., Bélanger, C., and Uchiyama, Y. (2002). Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation options: The status of research in year 2001. Energy Policy, 30(14), 1267-1278. doi: 10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00088-5.
• Hondo, H. (2005). Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case. Energy, 30(11–12), 2042-2056. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.020
• Kannan, R., Leong, K.C., Osman, R., and Ho, H.K. (2007). Life cycle energy, emissions and cost inventory of power generation technologies in Singapore. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(4): 702-715.
• Köne, A. Ç. and Büke, T. (2007). An Analytical Network Process (ANP) evaluation of alternative fuels for electricity generation in Turkey. Energy Policy, 35(10), 5220-5228. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.014
• Lee, K.-M., Lee, S.-Y., and Hur, T. (2004). Life cycle inventory analysis for electricity in Korea. Energy, 29(1), 87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2003.08.007
• Lenzen, M. and J. Munksgaard (2002). Energy and CO2 life-cycle analyses of wind turbines-review and applications. Renewable Energy 26(3): 339-362.
• Marx, J., Schreiber, A., Zapp, P., Haines, M., Hake, J. F., & Gale, J. (2011). Environmental evaluation of CCS using Life Cycle Assessment–A synthesis report. Energy Procedia, 4(0), 2448-2456. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.139
• McMahon, J. E., and S. K. Price (2011), Water and Energy Interactions The Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 163-191.
• Meier, P. J. (2002). Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Systems and Applications for Climate Change Policy Analysis. . PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
• Odeh, N. A. and Cockerill, T. T. (2008). Life cycle GHG assessment of fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage. Energy Policy, 36(1), 367-380. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.09.026
• Pacca, S. and A. Horvath (2002). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Building and Operating Electric Power Plants in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Environmental science & technology 36(14): 3194.
• Pehnt, M. (2006). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Renewable Energy 31(1): 55-71.
• Raadal, H.L., L. Gagnon, I.S. Modahl, and O.J. Hanssen. (2011). Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the generation of wind and hydro power. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(7): 3417-3422.
• Rashad, S. M. and F. H. Hammad (2000). Nuclear power and the environment: comparative assessment of environmental and health impacts of electricity-generating systems. Applied Energy 65(1-4): 211-229.
• Ribeiro, F. M., and da Silva, G. A. (2010). Life-cycle inventory for hydroelectric generation: a Brazilian case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(1), 44-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.09.006
• Santoyo-Castelazo, E., Gujba, H., and Azapagic, A. (2011). Life cycle assessment of electricity generation in Mexico. Energy, 36(3), 1488-1499. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.018
• Spath, P. and Mann, M. (1997). Life-cycle Assessment of a Biomass Gasification Combined Cycle Power System. Midwest Resesarch Institute, DC-AC-83CH10093.
• Spath, P. L. and Mann, M. K. (2004). Biomass Power and Conventional Fossil Systems with and without CO2 Sequestration – Comparing the Energy Balance, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
• Spath, P. L., and Mann, M. K. (2000). Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Generation System. Golden, Colorado: NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
• Spath, P., M. Mann, and D. Kerr (1999). Cycle Assessment of Coal-fired Power Production. Golden, Colorado, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
• U.S. Department of Energy [USDOE] and U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2010). Table 26. U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, by Census Division and State, 2010, 2009. Access on December 12, 2011.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2010). Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants 2010 Edition. Access on December 15, 2011 .
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011d). Electricity. Net Generation by State by Type of Producer by Energy Source, Annual Back to 1990 (EIA-906, EIA-920, and EIA-923). Access November 28, 2011.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011e). SEDS (State Energy Data System). Electric Power Sector Consumption Estimates, 2009. Access on November 28, 2011. http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_btu_eu.html;%20eGRID2010%20Version%201.1%20
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011f). Natural Gas Delivered to Electric Power Consumers. Access November 29, 2011.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011g). Heat Content of Natural Gas Consumed for Electric Power. Access on November 29, 2011.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011h). International Energy Statistics - Notes. Access on December 2, 2011.
• "U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011i). Renewable Energy Consumption and Electricity Preliminary Statistics 2010. Table 5 Total Renewable Net Generation by Energy Source and State, 2009. Access on December 18, 2011. "
• U.S. Energy Information Administration [EIA] (2011j). US Electric Power Industry Estimated Emissions by State, Back to 1990 (EIA-767 and EIA-906). State Historical Tables for 2010, released: November, 2011.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2011). eGRID2010 Version 1.1 (2007 Data)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] (2012). WebFIRE - Technology Transfer Network Clearinghouse for Inventories & Emissions Factors.
• Wilson, D. (1990). Quantifying and Comparing Fuel-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions - Coal, Oil and Natural-Gas Consumption. Energy Policy 18(6): 550-562.
• World Energy Council (2004). Comparison of Energy Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment-A Special Report of the World Energy Council London, UK.

TRANSPORTATION data

• Befahy, F. (1993). Environment, Global and Local Effects. European Conference of Ministers of Transport. Transport Growth in Question. 12th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics (Paris, 1993)
• "Davis, S. C., S. W. Diegel, and R. G. Boundy (2011), Transportation Energy Data BookRep. ORNL-6986, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN."
• den Boer, E., M. Otten, and H. van Essen. 2011. STREAM International Freight 2011-Comparison of various transport modes on a EU scale with the STREAM database. Delft, The Netherlands: CE Delft.
• Facanha, C., and A. Horvath (2006), Environmental Assessment of Freight Transportation in the U.S. (11 pp), The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11(4), 229-239.
• Kürer, R. (1993). Environment, Global and Local Effects. In European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Transport Growth in Question. 12th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics (Paris, 1993).
• Nealer, R., H. S. Matthews, and C. Hendrickson (2012), Assessing the energy and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation effectiveness of potential US modal freight policies, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(3), 588-601.
• OECD (1991). Environmental Policy: How to Apply Economic Instruments. Cited on p. 19 of OECD Environment Directorate (1993), The Social Costs of Transport: Evaluation and Links with Internalisation Policies.
• OECD (1997). The Environmental Effects of Freight. (Accessed on February 07, 2012)
• Schoemaker, T. J. H. and Bouman, P.A. (1991). Facts and Figures on Environmental Effects of Freight Transport in the Netherlands.Freight Transport and the Environment. Studies in Environmental Science 45 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991)
• Stripple, H. (2001), Life Cycle Assessment of Road - A Pilot Study for Inventory AnalysisRep., IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Goteburg, Sweden.
• Weber, C. L., and H. S. Matthews (2008), Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States, Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3508-3513

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For further information contact Petek Gursel at pgursel[at]berkeley.edu
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